The Amount of Hours Required to Pass the Bar Exam

When you sit down to study for the bar exam, it is likely you will get a bunch of feedback from other law students and friends as to how much you are supposed to study for the exam.  I have heard it all! When I was studying for the bar exam, I remember people proudly claiming they were studying twelve hours a day, leaving the library only because it closed. I remember folks being shocked when I told them I was taking Sundays off. How was that possible? There was no way I was going to pass! Shocking news: I passed—only studying until about 6:30 p.m. in the evenings and taking Sundays off. How much you need to study for the bar exam is a critical question. I have seen people understudy and fail, for sure. But I have also seen people over-study for the exam. I know, hard to believe, right? Over-Studying and Burnout Can Cause You as Many Problems as Under-Studying When you over-study for the bar exam, you are likely going to burn out quickly. You need adequate time to rest and recover when you are studying for the bar. Studying every waking hour of every day is going to lead you down the road of not being able to focus, being overly exhausted, and just not being a productive studier. For most of us, we cannot productively study that many hours a day. We need breaks to rest and rejuvenate ourselves. We need to get away from the desk and the computer and move our bodies. We need to eat healthy food. These things all help us do better on the bar exam, but they can’t be done if you are studying twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week (okay, I know that is an exaggeration, but you get what I mean). So How Do You Know How Much to Study? Perhaps it is easy to tell if you might be over-studying, but how can you tell if you are studying enough? This is a very personal decision, one that takes a lot of reflection on the process. I think a good first parameter is that you need to study about 40 to 50 hours a week. Treat the bar exam like a full-time job. Now that means you need to actually study 40 to 50 hours a week. That doesn’t count hours that you are chatting with friends in the library or driving to and from campus. If you aren’t sure what 40 to 50 hours a week of work really feels like, try tracking your time (since you will have to do that at your future law job anyway!). What you may find when you do this exercise is that you aren’t actually studying as many hours as you thought you were. That doesn’t mean you add more study hours; that means that you need to be more efficient with your study time. How can you maximize the number of hours you are on campus working? And how can you maintain focus during those hours? These are all critical questions to get the most out of your days. What If I Can Only Study Part Time? How Many Hours Do I Need to Study Then? Studying part time is a challenge, but it can be done. I encourage anyone studying part time to study at least 20 hours a week and study for a longer preparation period than the typical bar prep cycle. If you are studying for the bar for the first time, you may need to think carefully about making enough time to review the substantive law and also to practice. You may find yourself eating up all of your limited study time by just listening to lectures. But unless you are an auditory learner, listening to lectures isn’t going to get you very far, unfortunately. So be smart about which lectures you listen to (just the ones you think will be most helpful). If you are a repeat taker, best to leave those video lectures alone when you have only limited time to study. Instead, focus on active learning of the law and practice. It is possible that not knowing enough law was the reason you failed, but it is also likely that you failed because you didn’t practice enough or didn’t know how to execute the bar questions in the best possible way. Figure out what went wrong and then develop a study plan that will allow you to get the most out of your study time. Remember that it isn’t really about how much you study, but the quality of the study time you put in.

Christopher Marlowe s The Tragical History Of The Life...

After the centuries of the Dark Ages, Europe began to rise from the dirt and social troubles into a modern civilization full of art and knowledge. The era of Renaissance shone above the peninsula of Italy and continuously moved to Western Europe and England. The era of reawakening began and the modern world started developing rapidly. In the 16th century, a playwright, poet and translator, Christopher Marlowe, decided to reach out even further than an ordinary human experience. In the age of social, scientific and cultural rebirth, Marlowe examined the possibilities and consequences of reaching out the most from knowledge, power and wealth. In the play, The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, the main protagonist, Dr. Faustus, sick and tired of the limited abilities of any human individual trades his soul with the lord of the hell, Lucifer, for 24 years of limitless power, liberty and knowledge. Faustus travels around the world, unconscious about his destiny, an d enjoys all of the worldly and sensual pleasures. Unfortunately, in the end, when Faustus finally realizes his fate and begs for forgiveness from God, the demons drags Doctor into the flames of hell. Through the development of the play, Christopher Marlowe illustrates Dr. Faustus metamorphosis from an ambitious â€Å"superman† to a fragile and frail person, who falsely believes that owns the power above his surroundings. In the beginning of the play, Dr. Faustus is found in his study maintainingShow MoreRelatedDoctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe1359 Words   |  5 PagesWhat would you sell your soul for? A question Faustus had to ask when he wanted to gain more than just knowledge. England during the 1550’s had gone through many changes with religion, leaving the people unsure of what they wanted. When Elizabeth finally claimed throne and stayed Queen for a forty- five year reign, there were stable religious changes. For an escape and way of entertainment, society would attend plays. Due to the changing events during the Elizabethan era, plays were a stress relieverRead MoreThe Life and Works of Christopher Marlowe Essay1316 Words   |  6 Pagescritique on Christopher Marlowe as a playwright in his Lectures on the Dramatic Literature of the Age of Elizabeth and honestly he could not have said it any better. Christopher Marlowe was a brilliant man who excelled in school. He was a gifted in dividual and with the help of schooling became a famous playwright in the 16th century. He was roughly two months older than William Shakespeare and has been identified as the most important of Shakespeare’s predecessors. Christopher Marlowe was knownRead MoreDoctor Faustus As A Tragic Hero3066 Words   |  13 PagesChristopher Marlowe wrote The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus in times of philosophical and religious debate. This was also a time when people began to openly explore the forbidden knowledge of magic as a way of testing the religious parameters set in the Renaissance period. Aristotle has basic characteristics that involve making a person a tragic hero in a story. A character must be noble, respected, knowledgeable, but also human and not perfect. Doctor Faustus exhibits these characteristicsRead MoreThe Myth Of Doctor Faustus By Christopher Marlowe1026 Words   |  5 Pagesof Drama Shorter Second Edition by Gainor, Garner Jr., and Puchner. Out of the plays we have read, ranging from Oedipus the King by Sophocles to The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe, the play Everyman by Anonymous uses drama to reflect upon the religious and political concerns of the t ime. Everyman took place during the 1530’s. Drama in the medieval church developed through the early religious plays. This medieval drama is what powered the Christian religious and moral themesRead More Barkovs Hamlet: A Tragedy of Errors Essay6762 Words   |  28 PagesShakespeare authorship: The text of Hamlet contains indications that Shakespeare portrayed himself as an allegedly dead university graduate. HAMLET: A TRAGEDY OF ERRORS, OR THE TRAGICAL FATE OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE? by Alfred Barkov To the contents When the text of William Shakespeare: a mask for Hamlet - Christopher Marlowe? William Shakespeare Hamlet is read attentively, and no details are disregarded, it becomes evident that William Shakespeare included in it something quite different from what

Final Research Proposal and Factors

Question: Discuss about the Final Research Proposal and Factors. Answer: Introduction According to Laudon and Traver (2016), it has been found that along with the promotional procedures of civilization, the demands as well as needs of the clients change gradually. Moreover, it has been found that various business firms of different sectors aim to broaden and spread their businesses. In addition, the global businesses intend to develop international image as well as reputation after the launching of the procedure of electronic commerce business. Therefore, the worldwide customers of various geographical locations are able to purchase various services and products from any corner of the world by sitting in their own house only. Thus, it can be said that the global e-commerce standards makes the business firms capable to maintain an efficient communication between the company and the consumers of various geographical locations (Ferraro and Brody 2015). Therefore, the range of target customers increased as well as target market of the businesses also increased instantly. Nonetheless, this research study has performed a detailed study about the effect of the global e-commerce standards on the operations and regulations of the global business and worldwide clients. The electronic commerce businesses that are running successfully across the world include Flipkart, Ebay, Amazon and many more and it has been found that all these companies have already captured a principal place in the dominion of worldwide standards regarding e-commerce. Therefore, this research work mainly puts emphasis on the effect of various standards of global e-commerce on the global businesses (Da Costa 2016). Literature Review The theoretical underpinnings include in-depth analysis of the research proposal topic i.e. Impact of Global E-Commerce Standards on the Businesses. Therefore, the importance of the global e-commerce standards has been studied here in-depth. According to Cavusgil et al. (2014), the global e-commerce standards are considered as the technological process that assists an organization to accomplish and enter a new market through utilization of the advanced technology. On the contrary, it has been found that Ross (2016) argued all the consumers can obtain their desired services and products by sitting in their own house. According to Carroll and Buchholtz (2014), amidst the confused way of life of an individual, the appearance of global e-commerce businesses are considered as an efficient method for the clients. Moreover, this method of global e-commerce business helps people of various geographical locations to purchase different goods and to obtain different services easily from any par t of the world. Aspects that Affect the Global Standards of E-Commerce According to Sila (2015), the key aspects that affect the maintaining process of e-commerce businesses to a larger extent include the adequate internal resources of an organization and the incapability of its staffs as well as its management department. It has been found that as per Turban et al. (2015), an organization requires and possesses enough economic strength for bearing the expense of regulating an e-commerce business. This overall process of the e-commerce business is mainly based on the sophisticated technologies. As a result, this particular type of business firms should possess the potential to bear the expense of implementing modified technologies within the firm. Furthermore, it can be said that without implementation of accurate technologies, an e-commerce business is unable to operate its company successfully. Opined to Agarwal and Wu (2015), shortfall of modified technologies within an e-commerce business might hamper the overall procedure of the business. Thus, maintenance of an e-commerce business includes well trained and well skilled employees, such that the competency in the present market can be managed by the particular firm effectively. The reason behind this is that any technological change might put obstacle in the way of expanding the business and this might lead to declination of the business. As rightly put forward by Kasemsap (2015), there are various factors governing towards E-commerce adoption. Some of the factors are mentioned below with proper justification: IT Competence- This competence means the skill as well as knowledge of staff members who understand the function of E-commerce, communication and advanced information like internet and computer software in the daily activities (Vaidyanathan and Aggarwal 2015). It discusses regarding the major barriers for adopting as well as implementing e-commerce system like lack of resources, lack of technical knowledge and lack of skilled and qualified employees that obstructs adoption of E-commerce standards. Organizational support- This refers as the top management involving throughout the process that aligns with e-commerce activity of the firm (ztay?i and Kahraman 2017). Business Corporation adopts as well as implements E-commerce that require sufficient resources from the top management. The Top level management aims at managing with the sufficient resources and capabilities. They help in encouraging the team members for overcoming the problems as well as fostering cross-functional cooperation and communication at the same time (Boone and Kurtz 2013). Trust and Security- This refers as the web technology that help in protecting the unauthorized access of informational data as well as internet resources (Castka and Corbett 2015). Most of the results are taken from surveys and questionnaire on the topic E-commerce standards. Business Corporation has a fear in losing trade secrets and this will create reluctance at the entering the e-commerce business. In other words, Business Corporation is with high confidence as well as trust on security on e-commerce standards for adopting e-commerce. It has been found that web security as well as trust building considers as significant for e-commerce usage (Agarwal and Wu 2015). Moderating effects of competitive pressure -This reveals the fact that competitive pressures will be conducting intense competition at higher rates at the time of adopting technology innovation (Turbanet al.2015). Business Corporation tends to be more responsive as well as cautious based on actions of competitors in a competitive business environment. It means higher competitive pressure by adopting e-commerce technology. Therefore, competitive pressure will be moderate in nature as it will affect the relationship for adopting E-commerce adoption. Influence of Global E-Commerce Standards on Global Businesses and on Consumers As per Castka and Corbett (2015), the global e-commerce standards are awarded with an essential influence on the firm and the consumers. Opined to Boone and Kurtz (2013), the business can reach their services and brand image to the global customers across worldwide nations through e-commerce business. Therefore, the e-commerce companies like Amazon, Flipkart and Ebay have found to gain global reputation and international image. On the contrary, the clients are able to access the online portals of the firm and this helps to maintain transparency between the company and its customers. In addition to this, the consumer executives of these firms provide service to all its clients for overall 24 hours in order to treat customers of various geographical locations with equal dignity and respect (ztay?i and Kahraman 2017). Thus, international e-commerce businesses have found to gain brand image as well as reputation in the worldwide market. Background Information on the research topic It has been found that nowadays, the e-commerce business has expanded to large extent and it has become popular across the world. Therefore, e-commerce businesses have been started within the country and also across the geographical boundaries (Ferraro and Brody 2015). However, it has been found that like other offline businesses, the e-commerce businesses also have to follow certain guidelines and standards regarding global e-commerce standards (Vaidyanathan and Aggarwal 2015). The reason behind this is that any business that operates globally has to follow certain rules, policies and regulations. Similarly, for the e-commerce companies that want to operate its business across the world should follow certain global standards in order to run the business systematically and effectively. This particular standard is known as GS1 System and has created GS1 Network among 150 countries, 3.000 employees and greater than 111 member organizations (ztay?i and Kahraman 2017). According to certa in details, it has been found that more than 1.500.000 consumers are presently using the GS1 System (United-ecommerce.de 2017). The GS1 Approach includes identity, capture, share and use. Moreover, the global e-commerce standards include three types of channels, like single channel, multi-channel and Omni-channel. According to Kasemsap (2015), GS1 Standards generally make it simple for the individuals to invent and buy the goods from all over the world by sitting in their own house. Moreover, these global standards help in the growth of the business, reduces the expenses of the business, it manages risk as well as advantage consumer insights. Research Questions What is the impact of global e-commerce standard for the further progress of business? What are the primary factors that highly affect the business organization for maintaining global e-commerce standards? How organizations can expand their entire process of business with the help of global e-commerce standards? Research Hypothesis H0: Global e-commerce standards is possessed with a major impact on the emerging business organizations H1: Global e-commerce standards is not possessed with a major impact on the emerging business organizations Research Methodologies and techniques used for the research project Research Philosophy The method in which is conducted that may be conceive in terms of the investigate philosophy aligning with the investigate plan employment as well as utilization of research instruments (Welman, Kruger and Mitchell 2015). This will be in quest for the answer of a difficulty whereby investigate question and objectives are mentioned in the previous chapters. It discusses investigate attitude in relative with the other philosophy. It expounds explore approach involving the methodologies adopt by introducing the study instrument for utilizing the detection of goal. Research Philosophy is a belief by which data is composed, analyzed and used. The reason of discipline is the process for transforming things supposed into things known. There are three types of research philosophy named as Positivism, Interpretivism and Realism (Reinharz and Davidman 2012). Positivism reveals the fact that realism is steady as well as can be experiential from an object point of view (Perry 2013). This is contended that phenomenon should be isolated whereby there are repeated observations. This takes into consideration treatment of realism with variation in only single self-governing changeable for identifying regularities and forming association between ingredient basics of the communal planet. Interpretivism means making skewed understanding of and interference in reality that can be fully unspoken. This study of phenomenon consider under natural surroundings for acting as a input to Intreprevitist attitude. It is acknowledged whereby scientists fail in identifying interpretations. Interpretivism has a tradition that is less vigorous in comparison to that of Positivism. Realism is the combination of Positivism and Interpretivism philosophies (Peffers et al. 2015). Justification for using Positivism Philosophy At the time of conducting the research, researcher will be selecting Positivism Philosophy because it will help in gaining knowledge in a world which is objective by using scientific methods of enquiry (Newman and Benz 2013). The present topic on Impact of Global E-Commerce Standards on the Businesses requires using method associated with the Positivism paradigm such as questionnaire and survey conducted for getting the adequate data. Research Approach The significance of hypothesis to the learning provides characteristic features between deductive as well as inductive approach. Deductive approach tests the strength of assumption such as conducting theory or hypothesis (Marczyk, DeMatteo and Festinger 2015). On the other hand, Inductive approach contributes to the appearance of new theory as well as generalization. Justification for using Deductive Approach At the time of conductive research, researcher will be using deductive research approach that aligns with research topic Impact of Global E-Commerce Standards on the Businesses. In a deductive inference, when the premises will be true then the conclusion is also true. It generalizes from specific attributes (Kothari 2014). Data collection is used for evaluating propositions or hypothesis related to an existing theory. Researcher had used the information according to the steps used starting from theory and then conducting hypothesis. In this particular research topic, impact of Global E-commerce standards is taken into consideration that enables understanding the viewpoint of researcher (Vaidyanathan and Aggarwal 2015). Figure: Deduction Process (Source: Welman, Kruger and Mitchell 2015) Gantt chart Research behavior 1-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24 24-28 Selection of the topic Analysis of the secondary basis outline of the investigation Literature appraisal and theories operation and research policy Research policy and technique Primary data examination Interpretation of Data examination Findings and study Conclusion and summing up arrangement of Draft Final compliance of the investigate Paper Research Process Figure: Research Process (Source: Welman, Kruger and Mitchell 2015) Step 1- Determining the research needs The first step is determining the research needs based on the research topic on Impact of Global E-Commerce Standards on the Businesses ((Reinharz and Davidman 2012). Researcher will be selecting the research topic on Impact of Global E-Commerce Standards on the Businesses that will help in understanding the Global E-commerce standards on the Business Corporation. Step 2- Gathering information from potential sources The second step taken by researcher will be gathering information from the potential sources. Researcher decides in collecting quantitative data by distributing questionnaire and survey to the employees (Reinharz and Davidman 2012). Step 3- Analyzing the information The third step taken by researcher will be analyzing the information collected from the quantitative data (Peffers et al. 2015). Step 4- Communicating the findings The forth step is communicating the findings from the above discussion aligning with the research topic on Impact of Global E-Commerce Standards on the Businesses. Step 5- Applying the results n the final step, researcher will be applying the results into proper course of action whereby they will analyze the data for getting future results (Peffers et al. 2015). Data collection and analysis In this particular research study, the researcher will gather detailed information and various data regarding the particular research topic from the customers of the global e-commerce companies, like Amazon, Flipkart, Ebay and many more (Sila 2015). Therefore, in this research, the researcher will collect primary data in order to perform an accurate study of the research topic. Moreover, the primary data resources help to gather accurate and exact data from the participants (Castka and Corbett 2015). Primary Data Sources In this research work, the researcher will perform quantitative analysis based on the data that is gathered from the primary resources that are the customers of the global e-commerce companies, who purchase goods and services from international companies through online (Carroll and Buchholtz 2014). The researcher will arrange for questionnaire survey and will distribute the questionnaires to the customers through online. On the basis of the gathered data, the researcher will perform the quantitative analysis in order to understand and analyze the problem statements clearly (Welman, Kruger and Mitchell 2015). However, based on the nature of the research topic, the researcher cannot arrange for face-to-face or telephonic interview and also cannot implement qualitative analysis for analyzing the data (Reinharz and Davidman 2012). The reason behind this is that as the research topic is about the impact of the global e-commerce standards on the global business, thus, the researcher cannot collect primary data from the managers of the global companies (Perry 2013). Secondary Data Sources The data that are collected from the company websites, peer reviewed journals and articles are termed as the secondary data sources. However, in this research study, the secondary data will not be sufficient for analyzing the problem statements (Newman and Benz 2013). Sample Size and Sampling Technique In order to keep the research work as well the research process simple, the researcher will gather data and information from a fixed sample size of 50 customers who purchase products from global e-commerce companies through online. Moreover, the researcher will select the participants of the questionnaire survey randomly (Marczyk, DeMatteo and Festinger 2015). Furthermore, in order to keep the entire process easy, the researcher will implement non-probability sampling technique in order to perform the research work successfully. Expected research outcomes It can be said that if the overall procedure of this particular research work is conducted orderly as per an accurate research procedure, then the outcomes are expected to be positive (Agarwal and Wu 2015). Moreover, the quantitative analysis of the collected data will help in gathering adequate response from the customers who buy products and attained services from the global e-commerce firms (Newman and Benz 2013). However, if these respondents co-operate accordingly with the researcher in this research process, then the data can be gathered easily and all these information will help to perform the entire research work systematically. Nevertheless, at similar time, the overall procedure of research work might knock down drastically due to the lack of values and ethical considerations. References Agarwal, J. and Wu, T., 2015. Factors influencing growth potential of E?commerce in emerging economies: An institution?based N?OLI framework and research propositions.Thunderbird International Business Review,57(3), pp.197-215. Boone, L.E. and Kurtz, D.L., 2013.Contemporary marketing. Cengage learning. Carroll, A. and Buchholtz, A., 2014.Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Castka, P. and Corbett, C.J., 2015. Management systems standards: Diffusion, impact and governance of ISO 9000, ISO 14000, and other management standards.Foundations and Trends in Technology, Information and Operations Management,7(34), pp.161-379. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Da Costa, E., 2016.Global e-commerce strategies for small businesses. Mit Press. Ferraro, G. and Brody, E.K., 2015.Cultural Dimension of Global Business. Routledge. Kasemsap, K., 2015. The role of e-business adoption in the business world.RayN. DasD. ChaudhuriS. GhoshA.(Eds.), Strategic infrastructure development for economic growth and social change, pp.51-63. Kothari, C.R., 2014. Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International. Kumar, S. and Phrommathed, P., 2015. Research methodology (pp. 43-50). Springer US. Laudon, K.C. and Traver, C., 2016.E-Commerce 2016: Business, Technology, Society. Pearson Higher Ed. Marczyk, G., DeMatteo, D. and Festinger, D., 2015. Essentials of research design and methodology. John Wiley Sons Inc. Newman, I. and Benz, C.R., 2013. Qualitative-quantitative research methodology: Exploring the interactive continuum. SIU Press. ztay?i, B. and Kahraman, C., 2017. Quantification of Corporate Performance Using Fuzzy Analytic Network Process: The Case of E-Commerce. InDecision Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications(pp. 606-637). IGI Global. Peffers, K., Tuunanen, T., Rothenberger, M.A. and Chatterjee, S., 2015. A design science research methodology for information systems research. Journal of management information systems, 24(3), pp.45-77. Perry, C., 2013. Processes of a case study methodology for postgraduate research in marketing. European journal of marketing, 32(9/10), pp.785-802. Reinharz, S. and Davidman, L., 2012. Feminist methods in social research. Oxford University Press. Ross, D.F., 2016.Introduction to e-supply chain management: engaging technology to build market-winning business partnerships. CRC Press. Sila, I., 2015. The state of empirical research on the adoption and diffusion of business-to-business e-commerce.International Journal of Electronic Business,12(3), pp.258-301. Turban, E., King, D., Lee, J.K., Liang, T.P. and Turban, D.C., 2015.Electronic commerce: A managerial and social networks perspective. Springer. United-ecommerce.de. 2017.United-ecommerce.de. [online] Available at: https://www.united-ecommerce.de/fileadmin/images/one/one-international-ecommerce/rueckblick/vortraege/GS1-GlobalStandardsECommerce.pdf [Accessed 8 Feb. 2017]. Vaidyanathan, R. and Aggarwal, P., 2015. The impact of shopping agents on small business E-commerce strategy.Journal of Small Business Strategy,13(1), pp.62-79. Welman, C., Kruger, F. and Mitchell, B., 2015. Research methodology (pp. 35-40). Cape Town: Oxford University Press.

Performance Management Essay Example

Performance Management Essay Overall It was recognized that performance problems were not being addressed, and tough pressure from competitors was increasing the costs of managing human performance ineffectively. Finally, Network Solutions, Inc. Wanted to improve its ability to meet its organizational goals and realized that one way of doing this would be to ensure that they were linked to each employees goals. Given this situation, In 2001 Network solutions CEO announced that he wanted to Implement a forced distribution performance management system in which a set percentage of employees was classified in each of several categories: Rating 1 to top 20% of performers Rating 2 to middle 70% of performers Rating 3 to bottom 10% of performers A global cross divisional HER team was put In place to design and implement the new system The first task of design team was to build a business case of the new system by showing that if organizational strategy was carried down to team contributions and team contributions were translated into individual goals, then business goals would be met. Individual performance objectives were aligned with organizational goals by focusing on the development of all employees. Desired outcomes of new system Raising performance level of all employees Identifying and retaining top talent We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Identifying low performer and improving their performance Performance expectations for all employees to be clear Before implementing the program, the design team received the support of senior leadership by communicating that performance management system was the future of network solutions Next, the design team encouraged the senior leaders to stop the development and use of any other performance management system and explained the need for standardization of performance management across all divisions. Finally, the designed team asked senior leaders to promote the new program by Involving employees In training of talent management and by assessing any needs In their divisions that would not be addressed by the new system. Network solutions global performance management cycle consisted AT Toweling process: 1. Goal cascading and team building 2. Performance planning 3. Development planning 4. Ongoing discussions and updates between managers and employees 5. Annual performance summary Training resources were made available on network solutions intranet for managers and individual contributors, including access to all necessary forms. In addition to raining available on intranet, 1 to 2 hours conference calls took place before each phase of program was begun Today, part of training associated with the performance management system revolves around the idea that the development planning phase of the system is the Joint year-round responsibility of managers and employees. Managers are responsible for: Scheduling meetings Guiding employees on preparing for meetings Finalizing all development plans Individual contributors are responsible for: Documenting Development plans Both manager and employees are responsible for: Preparing for meetings Filling out development planning preparation forms Attending the meeting As noted, in the Network solutions system employees are given a rating of 1, 2 or 3. Individual ratings are determined by the execution of annual objectives and Job requirements as well as by a comparison rating of others at a similar level at Network Solutions. Rating 3 The lowest rating, have a specified time period to improve their performance. If their performance does improve, then they are released from the plan, but they are not eligible for stock options or salary increases. If performance does not improve, they an take a severance package and leave the company or they can start on a performance improvement plan, which has more rigorous expectations and time lines than did the original action plan. If performance does not improve after the second period, they are terminated without a severance package. Rating 2 Receive average to high salary increases, stock options and bonuses. Rating 1 Receive the highest salary increases, stock options and bonuses. These individuals are also treated as high potential employees and given extra development opportunities by their managers. The company also makes significant efforts to retain al individuals who receive a rating of 1. Looking to the future, HER Centers of Expertise of Network Solutions continue to educate employees about system to ensure that they understand that Network Solutions still rewards good performance; they are Just measuring it in a different way than in the past. There is also a plan to monitor for and correct any unproductive practices and implement correcting policies and practices. To do this, Network Solutions plans on continued checks with all stakeholders to ensure that the performance management system is serving its intended purpose. QUESTIONS IQ . Overall, what is overlap between Network Solutions system and an ideal system? Q. What are the features of the system implemented at Network Solutions that correspond to what was described as ideal characteristics? Which of the ideal characteristics are missing? Q. Based on the description of the system at Network Solutions, what do you anticipate will be some advantages and positive outcomes resulting from the implementation of the system? Q. Based on the description of the system at Network Solutions, what do you anticipate will be some disadvantages and negative outcomes resulting from the

Immigration Analysis Essays

Immigration Analysis Essays Immigration Analysis Essay Immigration Analysis Essay For many immigration to the United States would be a new beginning during 19th to early 20th century.There were many acts and laws to limit the number immigrating to the United States.Many of these acts were due to prejudice and misunderstanding of a culture.One such act was the Chinese Exclusion Act. Form this one act many immigration laws and acts were made against foreigners.They hoped to control the number of immigrants arriving on the American shores. The Chinese Exclusion Act of May 6, 1882 was just the beginning. This act was the turning point of the U.S. immigration policies, although it only directly affected a small group of people. Prior to the Chinese Exclusion Act there was no significant number of free immigrants that had been barred from the country. Once the Chinese Exclusion Act had been in acted, further limitations on the immigration of ethnic groups became standard procedure for more than eight decades.Irish catholic, Mexican, and other races were not allowed the same freedoms that others were allowed.Even after a family had been here for generations there were not given the same freedoms. Since the arrival of thefirst Chinese Immigrants, racist hostility towards the Chinese always existed.They were predominantly male laborers, concentrated in California.They were vital to the development of western mining, transportation, and agriculture.Other races were also discriminated against, the Irish were not allowed to get jobs or live in certain areas of the cities. By 1880, the great fear of German-speaking and Irish-Catholic immigrants was over. Employers, who still sought worker-immigrants, and not just temporary workers, looked increasingly to southern and eastern Europe. When Italians, Greeks, Turks, Russians, Slavs, and Jews arrived in the United States in numbers, however, new anxieties arose about making Americans of so many different kinds of strangers.

Technology and Leadership

Technology and Leadership Introduction Instructional design is the usage of a methodical style to provide a solution to an instructional challenge. It starts with the identification of the challenges facing learners and then establishes whether an instructional method provides the most efficient solution (Wagner, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technology and Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such solutions apply appropriate technology and theoretical approach to learning. This essay undertakes an evaluation of the role of instructional design principles and theory on the ability to make rational decisions regarding leadership and learning. The Influence of Instructional Design Principles and Theory Leadership is geared towards the conception of ideas for the future, formation of calculated priorities and building an atmosphere of trust between and inside organizations. Good leadership is a progressive development and require s inspirational influence and the ability to attract a loyal following. Implementation of technology in education, particularly the use of computers and related technology has witnessed rapid growth. The use of such material penetrates all aspects of human life (Wagner Ice, 2012). Instructional design principles provide model leadership and education due to their capacity to combine practical and abstract skills as the learners work in cooperation. When presented in several media and viewpoints, information on instruction is likely to last longer. The instructional designers play an important role in curriculum development as they have the necessary skill-set in educational theory and strategy. The designers of instructional materials offer institutions with an opportunity for consistency and continuity in the enhancement of courses. An instructional design program aids in the creation of relevant online courses.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we ca n help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research outlook moved from investigating the constitution of course resources to establishing the cognitive status of the student (Reinventing society in the wake of big data, 2012). Today’s education is more interested in developing what the student already knows than the makeup of the curriculum. Consequently, technology bridges individual knowledge and formal instruction. Technology ought to be adequately accommodating to adjust to the learners’ current instructional requirements. Therefore, an effective educator is capable of recognizing and correcting the misconstruction and confusion of his students. In case of challenges to learning, instruction founded on technology ought to be accommodating and should adjust to the knowledge and life of students. In a classical sense, learning demands that students devote substantial effort in their undertaking (Reinventing society in the wake of big dat a, 2012). Since the use of technology improves interaction, this form of instruction boosts learning. An instructional design system enables learners to reclaim knowledge and acquire new information using interesting and varying instruments. A student who embraces this form of learning system can conduct research and create original material. In this way, instructional design systems create academic independence and multiple approaches when solving problems. Leadership roles demand that a person should be able to employ quick, critical thinking (Paul Elder, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technology and Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When faced with a dilemma that requires fast and responsible action, a leader must take the first initiative to lead the rest in seeking a solution. Thinking that entails scrutiny, assessment, creativeness and reflection is the forte of instructional design system o f learning. The capacity to provide solutions to difficult problems is an essential requirement of effective leadership. Since leaders face frequent moral dilemmas, effective leaders serve as role models in their behavior. Effective learning systems ought to enable learners to make good decisions based on critical thinking since issues of morality are all about choice of action. A good learning model, therefore, should build a sense of moral responsibility in learners. The following is a sample material I generated to reflect how instructional design works. Its color and design help attract and retain the learner’s attention. Conclusion Educational institutions and stakeholders should join forces to encourage a culture of effective learning and leadership since technology perpetually alters teaching and learning. Educational stakeholders are expected to improve the value of education and methods of teaching using instructional design systems to provide an alternative way of teaching and learning that is efficient and fun.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Reinventing society in the wake of big data. (2012). Web. Paul, R., Elder, L. (2006). Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of your learning and your life (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Wagner, E. (2011). Essay: In search of the secret handshakes of ID. The Journal of Applied Instructional Design, 1(1), 33-37. Wagner, E., Ice, P. (2012). Data changes everything: Delivering on the promise of learning analytics in higher education. Educause Review, 33-42.

Design and Implementation of Networking Plan Essay

Design and Implementation of Networking Plan - Essay Example On a network of a number of routing protocols, rout distribution process is involved to help broaden various sections of network learned routes under the support of configured protocol in sequences adaptable to other segments too within the network system. In any communications over interlinked devices on the same network system, routers to have to be connected directly, static or dynamic. To explain these concepts: dynamic routers are always acquired from â€Å"visible† routers through routing protocols; and static routers keyed-in by the network administrator. In the case of any static routing (a system of manually inserting routes within the existing sequence of routers’ routing), a number of limitations are experienced. These include lack of its practicality/ success on larger network systems since it requires a lot of time to set up; all routers must be updated upon addition of new networks, by administrators; it requires a full understanding of internetwork in relation to the functionality of all router connections. Link state routing protocols have the limitations of inability to transfer data packets over larger network since it uses CPU and system memory to update routing tables; use of larger quantities of network bandwidth at times of convergence; and a lot of time consumed during convergence in case of poor coordination on the reception of rout information over the same network system. Overcoming the listed shortcomings takes into account measures such as reducing router resource utilization through prolonging update frequencies or by swapping rout summaries; and synchronizing updates with duration taken. Additionally, solution measures such as maximum hop counts, hold downs, route poisoning, and split horizons can be considered alternately to encounter  routing loops. The prime use of packet switching and IP address makes available internet infrastructure needed by routing protocols in the sequential transmission of data packets over the internet.

GLOBAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1- Essay

GLOBAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1- - Essay Example Another very important aspect of international business is that the compulsions of the present times require versatility in the work ideology and functioning, thus making it imperative that new skills and strategies are evolved to meet the emerging challenges with efficiency and unmatched proficiency. Goldberg correctly interprets higher education and says, ‘academic thinking is powerful and usable over long time frames’ (1996). The study would provide the professionals with wider perspectives of the changing paradigms of the business environment and help facilitate better options to address the emerging challenges in the dynamics of new business equations. One can therefore, conclude that the study in international business would always serve as value addition to any work environment. Charles Hill’s assertion that ‘Countries have different political, economic, and legal systems†¦ All these differences can and do have major implications for the practice of international business’ (Hill, 2004) is absolutely correct. In the rapidly changing environment of globalization, the businesses have become more competitive thereby making it obligatory for them, as well as for the working force to become more flexible and swiftly adapt to the changing technologies and work environments. Another aspect that has emerged as a result of globalization is that of increased mobility that requires the ever increasing need for flexibility of time and place especially when the business is spread across the different countries. The non market factors have direct and indirect impact on the overall performance and operation of the firm. ‘These are characterised by 4Is: issues, institutions, interests and information’ (Baron, p2, 1995). Broadly they are the socio-political environment within which the firm has to operate. The role of government regulations and political dynamics combined

Impact of Minimum Wage on Unemployement Essay Example for Free

Impact of Minimum Wage on Unemployement Essay â€Å"We cannot unambiguously conclude that a minimum wage increase will increase unemployment levels†. Discuss. The essay is outline as follows. Firstly, I would define some of the key terms. Secondly, I would outline the reasons for the statement. Lastly, I would provide the concluding remarks. Unemployment is when those members of the labour force who are willing and able to work cannot find a job. Minimum Wage In a perfectly competitive labour market, the equilibrium wage should be W1, where labour supply = labour demand. Wages are artificially altered when the price floor is imposed. An increase in the wage rate encourages the economically inactive to enter the labour market, causing an expansion in the supply of labour. The minimum wage raises the marginal cost of employing workers, thereby causing a contraction of labour demand. From an excess supply of labour, only the workers who are skilled will be employed. The least skilled, thus least productive will be priced out of the market leaving them involuntarily unemployed. The change in employment levels is the product of the elasticity of labour demand multiplied by the proportional rise in the wage. Any increase in the minimum wage will be passed on to consumer prices. If demand for the product is inelastic, the increased price will not effect consumption of the good to a great extent. So employment rates would remain relatively the same. The opposite effect would happen for elastic good. If labour costs make up a small proportion of total costs, then any increases in the wage rate would have little effect on employment, as total costs would have only increased by a small amount. Where labour and supply are both inelastic, employment costs are minimised. If they are both elastic, more jobs are lost. Although according to classical theories, the reason that minimum wage increase will increase unemployment levels is because minimum wage would increase the cost of labour, which lead to an increase in the cost of  production of the firm. Firms would have cut human resources (labour) in order for the firms to control their cost of production. As a result it would leads to a increase in unemployment rate. But in reality, it work differently. In fact the experience of the UK is that a 67% increase in the National Minimum Wages has reduced unemployment and increased employment. It would have lead to a strong Economic Growth. In period of economic growth, firms employ more workers as there is more demand to produce goods. Economic growth in the UK has averaged 2.5% since 1999 In addition, the power of Monoposony should not be ignore. Classical theory assumes that the labour markets are competitive, but in practice workers often face employers with buying power. This means firms are able to pay workers less than the market wage. Therefore, when a government artificially raises wages, firms can actually afford to pay them. It is argued minimum wage legislation is similar to anti trust regulation. Thus, it would lead to an increased productivity. A study by David Metcalf found that firms responded to increased wages by increasing the productivity of workers, especially in the service sector. This is important because it suggests that higher wages can actually help increase productivity in the economy. Firms would lower working hours in respond to the increase in the minimum wage. Rather than make workers redundant, firms have reduced the average hours worked. This is related to part 3, firms try to get higher productivity in a shorter time, so they can afford the minimum wage. Pass on Cost increases. Because the minimum wage affects all firms, it is easier for the cost increases to be passed onto consumers. e.g. because all cleaning firms have higher wage costs, they can all increase their prices. If the wage increase just affected one firm, they would become uncompetitive. Firms would also think of different problems to avoided of Minimum Wage. It  is uncertain to ascertain the extent of this problem, but some firms have circumvented the minimum wage legislation by employing immigrant labour and paying them lower wages. It also makes it more attractive to employ young workers. To conclude, although an increase in minimum wage in theory would lead to an increase in unemployment, but in practical, it would not much negative impact on the employment rate. Therefore, we cannot unambiguously conclude that a minimum wage increase will increase unemployment levels.

Dramatic Irony in Oedipus Rex Essay -- essays research papers

Dramatic Irony in Oedipus Rex In Oedipus Rex, by Sophocles, there are several instances of dramatic irony. Not only does this irony give the plot a rounder shape, but it helps the audience understand, or follow along, the plot better.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dramatic irony is sometimes used to intensify a scene or act. By doing this, the plot of the story, or play, is made more interesting. One example is Oedipus taunting Teiresias for his blindness, both physical and stellar. He says, â€Å"You sightless, witless, senseless, mad old man!†, â€Å"You child of endless night! You can not hurt me or any other man who sees the sun.† Oedipus constantly made remarks to Teiresias blindness and his sight, though unknowingly, Oedipus himself was the â€Å"child of endless night†, the â€Å"sightless, witless, ... Dramatic Irony in Oedipus Rex Essay -- essays research papers Dramatic Irony in Oedipus Rex In Oedipus Rex, by Sophocles, there are several instances of dramatic irony. Not only does this irony give the plot a rounder shape, but it helps the audience understand, or follow along, the plot better.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dramatic irony is sometimes used to intensify a scene or act. By doing this, the plot of the story, or play, is made more interesting. One example is Oedipus taunting Teiresias for his blindness, both physical and stellar. He says, â€Å"You sightless, witless, senseless, mad old man!†, â€Å"You child of endless night! You can not hurt me or any other man who sees the sun.† Oedipus constantly made remarks to Teiresias blindness and his sight, though unknowingly, Oedipus himself was the â€Å"child of endless night†, the â€Å"sightless, witless, ...

Development of the piano from the romantic era to the classic era Essay

Development of thepiano from theromanticera to theclassicera Introduction            This paper preludes the history of one most versatile instrument in the entertainment industry and its development. In the closing quarter of the eighteenth century, the pianoforte turned into the principal instrument of parading western art music. The piano most commonly called the piano instruments caught the hearts of many both amateurs and professionals. A piano sustains different pitches in an attractive and lyrical craze.            Having the ability to play any kind of tune in the orchestra, a piano can broadly feature the definition of a stringed keyboard with a hammer action in its instrumentation. The piano is capable of gradation of both soft and shrill this made the essential instrument of harmony pedagogy. As the dusk of the nineteenth century became, the piano was a common feature most middle-class populations of both North America and Europe. Most western composers including Mozart have played this instrument. The classical era            Cristofori developed an instrument named the gravicembalo col piano e forte, translated as the â€Å"soft and loud keyboard instrument.† This name sequentially shortened to pianoforte and subsequently to just piano. The device displayed in New York City in the metropolitan museum (Eugene). A combination of the magnificent tone underneath aptitude of the clavichord with the influence of the harpsichord led to three inventories. The inventors were functioning separately; they invented approximately the same piano actions – Christofori of Padua, Schroter of Saxony (1717) and Marius of Paris (1716).            Marius did not accomplish creating a piano. He deserted his models, since they were not pertinent to the present harpsichord. Schroter’s exploit resulted in the creation of the Vienna action and school of piano edifice. On the other hand, Christofori’s piano in 1747 was with Silbermann. It was in the workshop of Silbermann that an English school of piano making emerged (Eugene). The creation of the Piano as an intact and absolute instrument accredited to Christofori Bartolommeo of Italy. German and Italian makers swap the quills by hammers of harpsichord. They steadily overcame the numerous problems of its structure. A gifted French instrument maker Sebastian Erard introduced an ingenious advanced mechanism all previous ideas. This invention led to the piano â€Å"action† of our day (Bachus). The Broadwood as well did much to build up the supreme tone of the instrument. The manufacture of piano became one of the world’s industries.            France, Australia Germany, and England were doing their preeminent to advance the traditional instrument. The claim for superior power resulted to the preamble of the substantial metal framing necessitated by the amplified tension of steel strings. The increased solidity, strength and qualities increase sonorousness and power to the tone. American makers and inventors have contributed much to the instruments improvement (Bachus). The classical period spanning over seventy years was a period when composers started pulling in the sovereignty of the numerous baroque time musical styles. They achieved by creating stringent compositional â€Å"regulations.† Within this inflexibility, grand composers like Mozart and Haydn created several of the utmost classical music known to the world. However, they were not the solitary writers accountable for excellent classical music at the time Joseph Franz Haydn (1732-1809)            Haydn was an incredible composer, exemplified the denotation of classical era composition. Even though he was not as showy as younger, Mozart was. His compositions always remained accurate to its form. Unlike a number of other composers, Haydn had a â€Å"consistent and sound† job composing, performing, directing, managing and teaching musicians from the royals of the Esterhazy family unit (Eugene). In this period, Haydn composed countless pieces for the performance of the chivalrous orchestra. With an astounding creative work, with the inclusion of over the 60 string quartets and 100 symphonies, he is occasionally referred to as the â€Å"father of string Quartet or symphony.† Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)            Mozart was born in 1756 and he started the work of composing when he was five years old. He began touring Europe a short time he began composing. Unfortunately, Mozart passed on at the juvenile at 35 (Eugene). However, throughout his short existence, Mozart had over 600 compositions. His style of composition and that of Haydn are similar. The only difference was its consisted of long notes, and was more flamboyant. The romantic era            Political and social stress in the period of 1825-1900 following the French revolution and the nationalistic trends resulted to â€Å"romanticism.† The period was dramatic mud with thought. The contradictions between socialism and capitalism, faith and science, logic and emotion were significantly thought provoking. There were a revolt and impatience in the rules of classism and music as well as the practices of Mozart. The perfections of the romantic composers were one with an individualistic approach to emotions and feelings (Wood)            In 1822, the Erard brothers untested the most prominent of all piano measures: the double escapement action. The rationale of the apparatus was the similar to that of 1808. However, while highlighting its drop from the Cristofori – Silbermann orientation, the purpose of every of its disconnected parts worked out with tranquil superior insight and originality (Bachus). Nevertheless, the hammer failed to fall back entirely after the fast escapement, but came to rest concurrently on a sprung and a check piece; sloping lever retained the tack hammer in proximity with the strings.            The key then elevated a little; the check unconstrained the hammer and thus propelled alongside the strings again. The keys movement transmitted to the hammer through the slanted lever. The act noted at formerly for its extraordinary lightness, suppleness, and dependability. Its importance cannot be overstated since only little modifications of the elements were required for the modern piano (Isacoff).            Romantic music amplified power and emotional expression to portray human feelings. It preserved the formal structures from the classical period and created new forms that were viewed as better suited to the new subject matter. The theme in the novel music was at the moment not only entirely abstract, but also universally drained from other art sources as history and literature. Ludwig van Beethoven            He was baptized in 1770 a German pianist and composer. He remained an important figure in the transition from classical to romantic music. He is one of the most influential of all times in the western art. He was a citizen of the Roman Empire who was an inborn of Bonn, the capital of Electorate of cologne. In his early twenties, he moved to Vienna. In Vienna, he studied with Haydn Joseph and swiftly gained a reputation as an expert pianist. His status started deteriorating in the end 1790; however, he progressively continued to composing and performing even after he became deaf (Isacoff). In the onset of the romantic literature revolution Beethoven, composition the 1824 symphony number nine was notable. An elaborate set made the introduction of a            soloist and chorus. It seemed like in a solely instrumental appearance of the classical symphony that did not entirely express his feelings. After this drastic exodus from tradition, a lot of composers felt liberated to try out other styles. Schubert            Schubert’s music efficiently connects the music in the Classical to the Romantic era. It does this using inventive scoring, lovely melodies, and nature imagery; it weds traditional classical type and increase them. In his unfortunate petite life, he composed sonatas, symphonies operas, chamber, piano music, and more than 600 songs (Wood). However, despite the genre, his talent for the creation of gorgeous melodies remains unmatched in history. Schubert’s music was as well adoring, at times dark. He had emphasis on the minor and major key shifts backed with adventurous harmonics. Some Outstanding illustrations of his talent for tune are in admired A major quintet (Isacoff). They are inclusive of a set variance on the melody of one of his famous songs and from which he was nicknamed â€Å"The Trout.† Even though he left incomplete for no known rationale, Schubert’s inspiring and gorgeous Symphony in B minor no. 8 in, is one of his most adm ired works. Wilhelm Richard Wagner            Wilhelm was a German composer. He was famous for style as an essayist and theatre director. Conduct. He primarily had a unique opera the â€Å"music dramas.† His compositions, chiefly those of his afterward time, are prominent for their composite texture, orchestration and rich harmonies (Isacoff). The complex exercise of leitmotifs: musical themes connected with plot elements, places, ideas, and characters. Dissimilar from most of the other opera composers, Wagner was a writer of both libretto and music for each for his works. Wagner introduced swift shift in tonal center and chromaticism in language. The advancements greatly influenced the development of classical music in Europe. His Isolde and Tristan occasionally referred as the mark for the onset of modern music. The influence of Wagner spared beyond music into philosophy, literature, and visual arts. He constructed his opera, the Bayreuth Festspielhaus that contained a variety of new features (Wood). This was the point where the Parsifal and Ring found their premiers that many stage works are performed. Conclusion            Through the classical into the romantic era, the piano has significant changes. Composers gave melody into the romance period it had more emotion and melody. Music develops from the church forum into the streets and a worthwhile job. The magnificent tone underneath that was displayed at the New York museum formulated in the romantic era. This was through the ingenious inventions of Sebastian Erald. The works of Americans not forgotten as they fined tuned the construction of the instrument as well as an introduction the metal frame in the now modern pianoforte. References Bachus, Nancy. The Classical Piano: The Infuluence of Society, Style, and Musical Trends on the Great Piano Composers. Alfred Music Publishing, 2006. Eugene, K. Anthology of classical piano music: intermediate to early advanced works by 27 composers. Cambridge: Havard university Press, 2003. Isacoff, Stuart. A Natural History of the Piano: The Instrument, the Music, the Musicians – from Mozart to Jazz and Everything in Between. Great Russell: Souvenir Press, 2012. Wood, Gillen D’Arcy. Romanticism and Music Culture in Britain, 1770-1840: Virtue and Virtuosity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Source document

A Case Study on “Managing Like a Man at Silkqueen?”

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This is the case study on â€Å"Managing like a man at SilkQueen? † by Kate Hutchings of Queensland University of Technology. Here we are given a character named Sally Dawson who works for SilkQueen, which is an Australian company. She is a well skilled manager who has a huge experience for working successfully in Asia. However, working in this company as a manager, she facing some problems, which lead her to take a decision whether she leaves the company or try to make some smart changes. For this case study, we are using four questions. We answer all the four questions one by one respectively. In those, we try to figure out the problems faced by the employees and Sally, attitudes of the organization towards Sally, ways open for Sally. We also discuss about cross-cultural problems here. We also include a bibliography at the end. Company Profile SilkQueen is an Australian Company. Its’ main product is fabrics. It produces high quality fabrics and sell those throughout the world. SilkQueens’ manufacturing plants are situated in Sydney as well as in several locations throughout Asia. This company started its’ business as a family-owned company in 1910 and it started its’ international operations in 1979. The workforce of SilkQueen always female-dominated but maximum times management has been male-dominated. Sally Dawson has been working for SilkQueen for many years and most of the time she was expending her times working in Asia. It should be noted that she is quite successful in her career. Recently she has been posted to Australia and she is facing some problems with her employees. Although, the productivity is increased but the management is not quite satisfied with her work because the workers are neglected there. In this case study, we have to find out the problems faced by the employees and Sally and the probable solutions for those problems. For this purpose, we are using four questions. They are as follows: 1)From the perspective of the employees, what problems they are facing? 2)What are the problems faced by Sally and what could the organization have done to address her problems? 3)What could Sally do to improve her leadership style? )Why Sally’s leadership style is questioned in Australia and accepted in Asia? Now we are discussing the above questions with a view to analyzing the case study. Because of globalization and workforce diversity, the nature of management in an organization has considerably changed over the years. Nowadays, management is not only about exercising reasonable power using directive leadership but also about building relat ionships with employees, adapting leadership styles depending on situations, and working together with people from various cultural backgrounds. To understand the management terrain in the various areas of organizational behavior mentioned above, the objective of this paper is to analyses the case study, ‘Managing like a man at SilkQueen? ’ and provide insights on the problems encountered by Sally Dawson, the employees and the organization at SilkQueen. The paper will first focus on perception stereotyping and dominance effect to explain how the employees perceive the situation and Sally’s leadership. The problems faced by Sally will be next looked into to understand how the organization could have helped in various areas. Theories on improving leadership styles will be used to explain why Sally’s leadership approach is accepted in Asia but not in Australia. Question One: From the perspective of the employees, what problems they are facing? To recognize the problems met by the employees of SilkQueen, an analysis of their perception of the former line manager Mr. Wong will be compulsory. This is because the assessment of Sally by employees is partly based on comparison with Wong. According to the employees’ perception, Wong is an effective leader who is consultative, caring and concerned about their well-being. He is seen as valuing employees’ opinion as he always asked what the employees think before he does anything. Unlike Wong, Sally does not walk around the factory floor or show concerns for her employees. She does not ask what the employees think before she implements anything. The employees therefore perceive Sally to be a poor manager who does not care about employees’ work condition and who buries herself ‘behind a high desk with her back to the door in an office two levels above’. These perceptions however may not be true. According to organizational behavior scholars, ‘women are evaluated negatively when they adopt a stereotypically male leadership style and occupy traditionally male-dominated positions’. The employees in the case assume that Sally being a woman should be ‘nurturing and †¦ care about their workers’ suggesting preconceived notions of how women should behave. This notion of stereotyping can result in misinterpretation of information because not all people are the same, and many in the same social category may demonstrate inconsistencies with the stereotype. Question Two: What are the problems faced by Sally and what could the organization have done to address her problems? The first action by Sally in making a decision to change the work hours without consultation with the employees formed a lasting impression of her leadership, known as the primary effect the primary effect relates to a perceptual distortion which states that ‘first impressions are lasting impressions’ and once an inaccurate first impression is established, it is difficult for the perception to change even when new information contradicts the first impression. The consequence of Sally’s non-consultative management style spells the beginning of a problematic relationship with her workers. Within three months after she took over line management, Sally is faced with considerable indifference and hostility from her subordinates. In addition to his pressure, Sally also has to ‘change the focus of her work’ when she took up the role of line management in the manufacturing operations-an area which she is unfamiliar with. Because of this, she has to work long hours with very little time for social life, resulting in increased stress. Sally’s problems and stress could have been substantially reduced if the organization has played a supportive role. A good organization should first assess its manager’s strengths and weaknesses before assigning new roles. This may be done through a structured interview process or through research and information gathering with the objective to understand two areas of managerial competencies- past behavior to predict future behavior, and recent behavior to predict distant past behavior. By understanding Sally’s former experiences and roles, the organization can then decide whether to assign her to another area of to send her to a leadership development program such as the leadership grid to train her in evaluating task-oriented and people oriented leadership to work out a style best suited for her new role. Question Three: What could Sally do to improve her leadership style? Notwithstanding this fact, however, Sally should cultivate her emotional intelligence to monitor her own and others’ feeling and emotions to guide her thinking and action. According to behavioral theories by Ohio state studies and University of Michigan studies, there are primarily two categories of leadership: people oriented, and task-oriented. The behavioral studies propose a managerial grid based on a manager’s ‘concern for people’ and ‘concern for production’, which ideal grid position rates the manager as performing best when the style of leadership is high on people and task dimensions. In the case of SilkQueen, Sally could improve her leadership style by adapting a more people-oriented behavioral approach. To influence her subordinates, she could consider using contingency leadership ‘based on the idea that the most appropriate leadership style depends on the situation’. Theories of contingency leadership that Sally could use include Hersey-Blanchard situational theory, house’s path-goal theory, and Vroom-Jago leadership participation theory. The Hersey-Blanchard situational theory proposes that effective leadership is dependent on the followers. This means that regardless of what the leader does, it is the actions or acceptation of the followers that decide the effectiveness of the leader. This theory suggests that the leader should change his or her leadership style according to the maturity of the followers and the situation. Situational theory combines task and relationship behaviors and identifies four specific leadership styles: telling, selling, participating and delegating. Based on the maturity of the followers, each of the relevant four styles is used by the leader to respond to the employees by gradually declining control over activities and relationship behavior. For example, when an employee is new to the organization, the leader should use the style of telling the follower what to do, giving clear and specific directions. Depending on the maturity stage of the follower, alternative styles such as selling the leader’s ideas, participating in decision-making, or delegating responsibilities to the follower may next be used. In the case of SilkQueen, using the situational theory approach would have helped Sally understand that leadership is dependent on the followers and the way to lead followers is dependent on situations and levels of maturity. Instead of telling the employees, Sally could use the method of selling and participating in implementing the change of work hours. The path-goal theory developed by Robert House is another contingency theory model that Sally could employ in improving her leadership style. The theory suggests that an effective leader is one who can influence employee satisfaction and performance by making their need satisfaction contingent with the overall objectives of the group or organization. Four styles of effective leadership are indentified in this model: directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented. A directive leader lets subordinates know what is expected, giving directions on what to do and how, while a supportive leadership shows concern for the needs of subordinates. A participative leader consults with subordinates and involves them in decision making, while an achievement-oriented leader sets the goals and expects subordinates to perform at their highest level. Using the path-goal theory, Sally could effectively change the perception of her subordinates by building a people oriented behavioral approach through the use of a more supportive and participative leadership style instead of an achievement-oriented leadership. The third model of contingency theory that could be used by Sally is the Vroom-Jago leader participation theory. This theory developed by Victor Vroom and Alfred Jago takes a contingency approach to determine the optimal level of employee involvement depending on the situation. It proposes choosing the best decision making method for any problem situation through alternatives such as individual or authority decision, consultative decision, group or consensus decision. The model considers five levels of employee participation based on a decision tree ranging from autocratic at the top to team consensus at the bottom. Following the leader-participation theory model, Sally could evaluate the level of participation required by her in choosing the optimal level of employee involvement. Instead of using the top two levels of the decision tree, that proposes autocratic decision-making. Sally could use the bottom three levels of consultative and group decision in her approach. Question Four: Why Sally’s leadership style is questioned in Australia and accepted in Asia? As can be seen in the theories discussed above, one of the traits required of an effective leader is adaptability of leadership styles in varied situations. Adapting styles to situations however is not an easy task especially in organizations today where employees are made up of people from different cultures across national and regional boundaries. In the case of SilkQueen, it is apparent that Sally’s leadership is seen as questionable in Australia, but appropriate in Asia because of cross-cultural perspectives. This underlying cultural value may be translated as power distance, uncertainty, avoidance, individualism versus collectivism, achievement versus nurturing orientation, and long-term versus short-term orientation according to Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture. Using Hofstede’s framework as the guideline to cross-cultural comparison in SilkQueen’s case study, employees in Australia may be seen as high in individualism, high on social obligations and traditions, but moderately low in power distance. This rating vastly differs from countries in Asia such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and China. In Indonesia, individual goals are seen as less important than collective goals. In Malaysia, power distance ranks high while in China the future is emphasized more than tradition or social obligations. Based on the ranking described above, it is easy to understand why Sally’s task oriented leadership style is questioned in Australia but accepted in Asia. According to Hofstede’s framework, Australia is more inclined to meeting individual goals than group goals and expects relatively equal power sharing. In Asia, power distance is generally high, which means that receiving commands from superiors are commonly accepted. Conclusion Throughout the discussion in this paper, the studies of organizational behavior have been primarily focused in four areas: perception, leadership styles, leadership assessment, and cross-cultural behaviors. The perception of leadership based on stereotype and primacy effect can present inaccuracies and incorrect information of a situation or a person. A manager who wants to be effective must cultivate emotional intelligence and be flexible to adapt different leadership styles depending on the situation. A good organization must first assess its leaders to understand past behavior to predict future behaviors and bridge the gap of its leaders through leadership grid training. To manage a global organization, the leader must understand the differences in cross-cultural values across different parts of the world. Bibliography: Robbins, P. Stephen, Judge, A. Timothy. Organizational Behavior Luthans, Fred. Organizational Behavior

Losing Battle Against Drugs essays

Losing Battle Against Drugs essays The article, Losing Battle Against Drugs, is true. I agree with the article that the regulation of drugs into America is impossible to manage. You can spend millions and billions of dollars to decrease the drug trafficking but drugs are going to find another way into the country. For most people that are into drugs such as selling them I can see why they would want too. Its obvious that it is against the law but if you can get away with it, you would have a lot of money in your pocket. A quote that holds true to that statement would be: Another reason that the drug trade continues to flourish is that it is so lucrative (Boozer, 1999).... At least one group of distributors in a case before me sold 37,500 kilos of cocaine a month, for gross sales of almost 20 million a month.(Judge Sweet) What it comes down to is money, which the article emphasizes. I agree with the article, people that sell drugs do not care who they are selling it to whether it be kids, teenagers, or adults, those individuals just care about the income their getting. An article that agrees with my opinion, besides the article from the Essays book, about money being the reason why were losing the battle against drugs was written in USA TODAY. Ironically the headline was U.S. Law Enforcement Losing the War on Drugs. The quote taken from USA TODAY is: Street prices for heroin and cocaine are at a record lows and purity for both drugs is at record highs. This reveals traffickers are flourishing and continuing to discount the risks they face from law enforcement. Shockingly, heroin and marijuana have ...

A Guide to Caring for Bess Beetles

A Guide to Caring for Bess Beetles Bess beetles  are among the easiest arthropods to keep in captivity, and make excellent pets for young insect enthusiasts. As with any pet, its good to learn as much as you can about their habits and needs before you commit to keeping them. This guide to caring for bess beetles (also known as bessbugs)  should tell you everything you need to know about keeping them as pets. In North America, whether you purchase bess beetles from a supplier or collect your own, you will almost certainly be dealing with the species Odontotaenius disjunctis. The information provided here may not apply to other species, particularly tropical bess beetles. Things You Should Know Before Keeping Bess Beetles as Pets Although they are quite large and have powerful mandibles, bess beetles (family Passalidae) dont usually bite unless theyre being mishandled. They have thick, protective exoskeletons, and dont tend to cling to your fingers with their feet (like many scarab beetles do), so even small children can handle them with supervision. Bess beetles are easygoing, although they do squeak in protest when disturbed. Thats what makes them so much fun to keep as pets – they talk! Bess beetles often burrow and hide during the day. Flip on the light switch at night, however, and youll probably find your bess beetles perched on top of their log or exploring their terrarium. If youre looking for classroom pets that will be active during school hours, bess beetles might not be the best choice. They do, however, cooperate if you wake them from their naps for a science activity. If youre looking for low maintenance insects, you cant do better than bess beetles. They eat their own poop as part of their diet, so you dont have to clean out their habitat. The only thing they need from you is a piece of rotting wood and a regular misting of water. No need to chop vegetables or keep crickets to feed them. Bess beetles rarely reproduce in captivity, so you dont have to worry about a population explosion in your terrarium. The unlikeliness of breeding also means they arent a good choice for classroom life cycle studies. Housing Your Bess Beetles To keep 6-12 adult bess beetles, youll need a terrarium or aquarium that holds at least 2 gallons. An old 10-gallon aquarium works well, fitted with a mesh screen cover. Bess beetles wont scale the sides of the container like roaches or stick insects do, but you should still keep their habitat covered securely. Put 2-3 inches of organic soil or peat moss in the bottom of the habitat to give the bess beetles a place to burrow. Sphagnum moss will hold moisture and help keep the habitat at a comfortable humidity level for your bess beetles, but its not necessary as long as you mist them regularly.    Place the habitat in an area out of direct sunlight and dont put it too close to a heat source. Bess beetles do well at room temperature, and dont need special heaters or lights. In fact, they prefer a dark environment, so you can tuck them away in a corner of the room where there isnt much light. Caring for Your Bess Beetles Food: Bess beetles are decomposers of fallen trees, and feed on rotting wood. The North American species Odontotaenius disjunctis prefers oak, maple, and hickory wood, but will also feed on most other hardwoods. Find a fallen log that is already decomposed enough to break with your hands. Healthy bess beetles will break a log down in short order, so youll need a regular supply of rotting wood to feed them. You can also purchase rotting wood from most science supply companies that sell bess beetles, but whats better than taking a walk in the woods? If youre keeping bess beetles in the classroom, ask your students to collect wood and bring it to school to replenish the habitat. Water: Mist the habitat once per day, or as needed, to keep the substrate and wood moist (but not soaking wet). If youre using chlorinated tap water, youll need to dechlorinate it before misting the beetles. Just let the water sit for 48 hours to allow the chlorine to dissipate before using it. Theres no need to purchase a dechlorinating agent. Maintenance: Bess beetles recycle their own waste (in other words, eat their own feces) to replenish the population of microorganisms in their digestive tracts regularly. These gut symbionts enable them to digest tough wood fibers. Cleaning their habitat would eliminate these important microorganisms, and possibly kill your bess beetles. So theres no need to do anything other than give your bess beetles enough wood and water to live. Other than that, leave them be, and they will do the rest. Where to Get Bess Beetles Many science supply companies sell live bess beetles via mail order, and thats probably your best bet to obtain some healthy specimens to keep as pets. You can usually get a dozen bess beetles for under $50, and in captivity, they can live up to 5 years. If you want to try collecting live bess beetles on your own, turn over rotting logs in hardwood forests. Keep in mind that bess beetles live in family units and both parents raise their young together, so there may be larvae living with the adults you find.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 81

Marketing - Essay Example Many people and especially the older generation is not for the idea and states that people ought to respect young children and ought not dress them up in manners that may spoil their young minds. A group of people that seeks to ensure that these padded bikinis remain in the market also exists. This group of people is majorly retailers who are out to accumulate high profits in the market. With these bikinis and with the increase in young mothers, these retailers are bound to get more customers and are one of the reasons why they do not want Primark to ban these commodities. This issue is the reason why Primark is facing a very large ethical dilemma. It is imperative for the company to make an appropriate decision as to whether to follow the needs of the retailers or to go with the urges pressed by the older people. Girls would walk dressed disrespectfully if the organization went with the needs of the retailers and this would hurt them

QUESTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

QUESTIONS - Essay Example Many times a company has tried it once with failure thus they do not try it again. Attempting to determine why it didn’t work and implementing a new plan or successful approach can yield positive results. Often Managers see it as taking too much time to develop; this usually means the value they received from the effort put forth did not justify the resources they put forth. Also organizations complain they do not have enough data about the people in their organizations, in these cases implement the strategy where you do have enough data. Other initiatives are also seen as more important but without adequate staffing it is difficult to meet these successfully. 2. Explain the difference between a staffing strategy and a staffing plan? A staffing plan describes the staffing actions an organization is going to take to implement a staffing strategy; the plan may address recruiting, promotions and internal movements, retention, the use of part time staff and overtime and possible outsourcing of work. 3. How would you go about defining the right staffing levels for your company? To define required staffing levels it is important to understand what is behind changes in staffing levels in your company, identify what is driving staffing needs. Is this a change in the company’s activity, a shift in the product or service mix, geographic expansion or improvements in service levels? The organization also needs to identify limiting factors and define changes in roles and positions. Use a combination of quantitative techniques such as ratios or time based ratio’s where they are applicable. Supplement these with qualitative techniques such as conducting structured interviews with managers when quantitative approaches do not work for your company. 4. Provide three uncontrollable and three controllable staffing actions that could occur when creating a staffing model? Uncontrollable staffing actions include voluntary turnover, normal

Investigate difference of the Scape organisation and the Colchester Assignment

Investigate difference of the Scape organisation and the Colchester Institute - Assignment Example But it is not rigid just like the typical company. Because it caters to student’s it is less formal. Organizationally, it also partners with architectural firm to build good design such as Stephen Marshall Architects. Scape is a nice place. They promote the culture of camaraderie. It is also student oriented. Meaning, it is designed for students as well as priced for students. They promote caring and good accommodation. It is also creative. It has common places like receiving area, in some areas balcohny so it promote friendship among the tenants. In a way it is an extension of a school of university. Scape’s vision and mission statement is expressed on its core belief â€Å"that developing long-term relationships engenders a spirit of sharing and partnership, delivering exceptional results. Managing the entire life cycle of each asset to ensure the best levels of service for students, Scape plays a vital role in the key elements of Design, Build, Operate and Finance† (Scapeliving.com). Colchester Institute on the other hand calls their vision and mission â€Å"Strategic ambitions† and is centered more on vocational learning that would be later used in employment. For example â€Å"To become a  community nucleus  responding to local need and establishing  productive partnershipswith employers, key community leaders, and local providers of other educational and non-educational services to help drive  economic development† and â€Å"to create an organisational culture which recognises and develops the  skills, expertise  and  commitmentof  College staff, as reflected in today’s most effective workplaces†

The managerial ideas of Taylor and Fayol Essay Example for Free

The managerial ideas of Taylor and Fayol Essay Classical Management comprises three different approaches: Scientific Management (associated with the work of F W Taylor); Bureaucratic Management (hierarchical structure associated with the work of M Weber); Administrative Management (associated with the work of H Fayol). The Human Relations approach is associated with the work of E Mayo and F Roethlisberger. Immediately, we can see a difference between the ideas of Taylor and Fayol and those of Mayo as they are even classified differently. In order to explain how these managerial ideas differ, I will first explain what those ideas were. Taylor Taylor developed the four scientific principles of management: 1. Development of a true science 2. Scientific selection of the worker 3. Scientific education and development of the worker 4. Intimate and friendly cooperation between management and workers. The focus was on the individual rather than the team, aiming to improve efficiency through production-line time studies. Each job was broken down into its components and the quickest and best methods of performing each component were designed. There could be only one best way of maximising efficiency, developed through scientific study and analysis. Rewarding productivity was encouraged as money was seen as the one true motivator. Employees did the physical labour and management did the organising and planning. Through standardisation, worker specialisation and tight  managerial control, Taylor promised increased efficiency. Although Taylors methods did not allow scope for individual workers to excel or think for themselves, they were widely adopted. Fayol Fayol laid down 14 principles of management to be applied in any situation: 1. Specialization of labour. Specializing encourages continuous improvement in skills and the development of improvements in methods. 2. Authority. The right to give orders and the power to exact obedience. 3. Discipline. No slacking, bending of rules. 4. Unity of command. Each employee has one and only one boss. 5. Unity of direction. A single mind generates a single plan and all play their part in that plan. 6. Subordination of Individual Interests. When at work, only work things should be pursued or thought about. 7. Remuneration. Employees receive fair payment for services, not what the company can get away with. 8. Centralization. Consolidation of management functions. Decisions are made from the top. 9. Scalar Chain (line of authority). Formal chain of command running from top to bottom of the organization, like military 10. Order. All materials and personnel have a prescribed place, and they must remain there. 11. Equity. Equality of treatment (but not necessarily identical treatment) 12. Personnel Tenure. Limited turnover of personnel. Lifetime employment for good workers. 13. Initiative. Thinking out a plan and doing what it takes to make it happen. 14. Esprit de corps. Harmony, cohesion among personnel. Fayol divided managerial activities into five functions: planning organising commanding coordinating controlling The emphasis was on rational, central planning, looking at the whole picture, managing from the top down. Like Taylor, Fayol looked upon organisations as machines, viewed money as the one true motivator and emphasised maximum efficiency and productivity through standard operating procedures. Mayo Mayos Hawthorne studies are a landmark in management thinking. They followed preliminary illumination experiments, which studied the affect of light on productivity. The Hawthorne studies examined the affect of fatigue and monotony on productivity and experimented with the introduction of rest breaks, changes in work hours, temperature and humidity. Two key aspects of the Human Relations Approach are employee motivation and leadership style. Mayo learned that: Job satisfaction is increased through employee participation in decisions, rather than through short-term incentives; Leaders are able to positively influence employee motivation and productivity by showing concern for employee relationships; Work groups establish their own informal group performance norm, what it considers to be a fair level of performance, punishing those who perform above and below the norm; Pay can only motivate lower-level needs, once they are satisfied, non-monetary factors such as praise, recognition and job characteristics motivate human behaviour. Differences Classical Management (CM) attempted to apply logic and scientific methods to management of complex organisations. Human Relations Management (HRM) focused on working relationships to improve productivity. Fayol and Taylor both emphasised the production process and adjusted humans to this process, whereas Mayo emphasised the coordination of human and social elements in an organisation through consultation, participation, communication and leadership. CM emphasised the work of the individual, HRM viewed work as a group activity. Although moving in the right direction, Mayo merely replaced rational economic man with emotional social man, shifting the blame for poor performance from structural to personal attitudes and emotions. Both approaches mistakenly held that there was one best way to manage all organisations. Relevance of Classical Management theorists today Taylors work saw the introduction of time studies, work studies and industrial engineering, making an important contribution to the central procedures of many organisations. The modern assembly line is just one legacy of Scientific Management. Its efficiency techniques are applied to many non-industrial tasks, such as fast food service through to training surgeons. However, Taylors methods did not allow scope for individual workers to excel or think for themselves. Innovation is vital in order to maintain a competitive edge. Taylors belief that workers are solely motivated by money has since been proven wrong. Furthermore, his methods emerged from a negative bias against workers, whom he viewed as lazy and uneducated. Nowadays, the extent of command and control over workers that Taylor believed necessary would never work. For one thing, people are better educated nowadays! Taylors methods were also hostile to trade unions and labour organisations, which are widespread nowadays and were heavily relied upon during the 1990s to gain workforce stability, helping attract foreign investment. On the other hand, some of Taylors theories still ring true today, such as: increased output leads to fewer workers; poor incentive schemes and hourly pay rates that are not linked to productivity result in inefficiency (the introduction of Benchmarking confirms such an approach); poor job design leads to poor performance. The concept of separating planning from execution is still in use to some degree, however, workers are now considered to know best how to do their own job and are encouraged to think for themselves. Fayols ideas about central planning set the basis for many modern management techniques, such as Management by Objectives and PPBS. However, motivation is considered a key element in modern management. A third approach to Classical Management is the Bureaucratic approach of M Weber. The hierarchically structured organisation that emerged from CM still bears much relevance today and is widespread amongst large corporations and government departments. However, a mixture of hierarchical and inter-departmental coordination is now considered the way forward. Contemporary management builds on the Classical and Behavioural approaches and goes beyond them. The Systems approach of different strokes for different folks finally put the one best way theory to bed and has dominated modern organisational analysis since the 1980s. The Contingency approach views the organisation as an organism, segmenting as it grows, each segment specialising in knowledge and activity, all of which must cope with their external environment and integrate harmoniously. The main difference between Classical and Contemporary approaches is the modern belief that it is futile to search for one best way to manage an organisation. Instead, managers must take into account the internal and external environment and match the appropriate management practices to the surrounding circumstances for an effective outcome. In my own work, I find myself using a combination of Classical and Contemporary approaches to management. The hierarchical structure is necessary to a certain degree. For one thing, the prospect of promotion motivates staff to do better. However, teamwork definitely gleans better results from the workforce as a whole. Worker specialisation has its uses when certain jobs require particularly high efficiency and speed, however, if used on a permanent basis they would lead to monotony and dissatisfaction. Workers tend to produce good ideas about how best to do their own jobs, however, the policy of the organisation as a whole is often separated from the motivation of individual workers, indicating the need for managerial planning, organisation, coordination, command and control.  Balance is key.